TuningRepair.Com

 714-636-3122

 Piano tuner, movers, restorers 

Orange County &  Los Angeles

PianoTuningRepair.com

COPYRIGHT

& TERMS OF USE

 

http://www.copyright.gov/

http://www.whatiscopyright.org/

 

Limitation of Liability

In no event shall PianoTuningRepair.Com be liable for any indirect, special, incidental, consequential, or punitive damages, including, without limitation, malfunctions, or loss of business, profit, or anticipatory profits, arising out of the use, misuse, inability to use, or results of use of this website or information contained in this website or any websites linked to this website, or the materials or information contained on all such websites. We cannot and do not accept responsibility for any errors, purchases, investments, losses and errors made as a result of information presented on this site.

Information and photos presented serve only as general guidelines to help you understand your piano better and to contact us should you need repairs.

 

 

PianoTuningRepair.Com is committed to respecting and protecting your privacy. To that end, we have prepared this Privacy Policy to disclose and describe our information gathering and dissemination practices for this website. PianoTuningRepair.Com believes that there is a need to address privacy issues in this realm. PianoTuningRepair.Com reserves the right to modify or update this Privacy Policy at any time without notice.

This Privacy Policy should be read in conjunction with PianoTuningRepair.Com' s Terms of Use.

General Principles

PianoTuningRepair.Com follows five principles in accordance with worldwide practices for the protection and privacy of our customers:

Principle 1 — Notice and Disclosure

In general, you may visit this website without identifying yourself or revealing any personal information. Some portions of this website may require you to give us personally identifiable information, which is information that enables us to identify you, such as your name, email or other address, or other personal information ("Personal Information"). If you opt to provide us Personal Information, we may use it for purposes such as verifying your identity, sending you information, making the site easier for you to use by not having to enter information more than once, helping you quickly find services or information on the website, helping us create content most relevant to you, alerting you to product upgrades, special offers, updated information and other new services from PianoTuningRepair.Com or contacting you.

Principle 2 — Choice/Opt-Out

It is our intent to inform you before we collect Personal Information, and tell you what we intend to do with it. You will have the option of not providing the information, in which case you may still be able to access other portions of this website, although you may not be able to access certain programs or services. In certain portions of this website, we also may enable you to "opt-out" of certain uses of your information, or elect not to receive future communications or services. Users who no longer wish to receive communications from us may opt-out of receiving these communications by emailing us at Leopianotuner@yahoo.com and including the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.

Principle 3 — Data Quality and Access

PianoTuningRepair.Com strives to keep your Personal Information accurate, complete and current. We will promptly take steps to correct any inaccuracies in your personally identifiable information of which we are made aware.

Principle 4 — Data Security

PianoTuningRepair.Com 's intent is to strictly protect the security of your Personal Information, honor your choice for its intended use and carefully protect your data from loss, misuse, unauthorized access or disclosure, alteration, or destruction. We have put in place appropriate physical, electronic and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure Personal Information we collect online.

Principle 5 — Enforcement

If for some reason you believe PianoTuningRepair.Com has not adhered to these principles, please notify us by email at Leopianotuner@yahoo.com, and we will do our best to determine and correct the problem promptly. Please include the words "Privacy Policy" in the subject line.

Links to Third Party Sites

This website contains links to other web sites that are not controlled by PianoTuningRepair.Com ("Third Party Sites"). Please be aware that PianoTuningRepair.Com is not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every website that collects personally identifiable information. The PianoTuningRepair.Com Privacy Policy applies solely to information collected by this website.

Cookies

Portions of this website use cookies to keep track of your visit, or to deliver content specific to your interests. A "cookie" is a small amount of data transferred to your browser and read by the Web server that placed it there, recording your preferences and previously entered information. A cookie cannot retrieve any other data from your hard drive, pass on computer viruses, or capture your email address. Currently, web sites use cookies to enhance the user's visit; in general, cookies can securely store a user's ID and password, personalize home pages, identify which parts of a site have been visited or keep track of selections in a "shopping cart." You can set your browser to notify you when you receive a cookie, giving you the chance to accept or reject it. If you reject a cookie you may still use this website; however, you may not be able to participate in certain sweepstakes, contests or drawings that take place. Some of the Third Party Sites that you may link to through this website may use cookies; however, we have no access to or control over these cookies.

Surveys and Contests

From time to time we may request information from users via surveys or contests conducted on this website. Participation in these surveys or contests is completely voluntary and the user therefore has a choice whether or not to disclose this information. Information requested may include contact information (such as name and shipping address) and demographic information (such as zip code). Contact information will be used to notify the winners and award prizes. Survey information will be used for purposes of monitoring or improving the use and satisfaction of this website.

Children

While PianoTuningRepair.Com' product ad campaigns and marketing materials may be viewed by children, we do not wish to receive data from children. PianoTuningRepair.Com encourages parents and guardians to spend time online with their children and to participate in the interactive activities offered on the sites their children visit. No information should be submitted to, or posted at, PianoTuningRepair.Com' website by visitors under 18 years of age without the consent of their parent or guardian.

Contacting Us

If you have any questions or comments about our Privacy Policy or practices, please contact us via email at Leopianotuner@yahoo.com, and include the words "Privacy Policy" in the subject line.

USE OF SITE MATERIALS

 

Use of Site Materials

You may download, view, copy and print the information, documents, logos, graphics, sounds and images in accordance with PianoTuningRepair.Com Terms of Use (see below).

Use for any other purpose is expressly prohibited and any unauthorized use of any materials contained on this website may violate copyright laws, trademark laws, the laws of privacy and publicity and communications regulations and statutes. Violators will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible.

Terms of Use

These Terms and Conditions of Use were last updated: 06/04/2004

All Rights Reserved
PianoTuningRepair.Com  (also referred to as the "Company") is pleased to provide you with this Website ("Website") and its content for informational purposes. Please carefully read these Terms and Conditions of Use ("Terms and Conditions of Use") relating to the use of our Website. By using our Website, you agree to these Terms and Conditions of Use. If you do not agree to these Terms and Conditions of Use, please do not use our Website. We reserve the right to revise these Terms and Conditions of Use or any portion of them at any time without notice by updating this posting. You are bound by any revisions and should periodically visit this page to review the current Terms and Conditions of Use that apply to your use of our Website. If you violate any of these Terms or Conditions of Use, your permission to use the materials automatically terminates and you must immediately destroy any copies you have made of the materials.

Throughout these Terms and Conditions of Use, the words "we," "us" and "our" refer to PianoTuningRepair.Com and all of its business divisions and subsidiaries collectively.

Use of Materials and Intellectual Property Rights
We authorize you to view, copy, and reproduce any of the contents of this Website provided that you agree to and abide by the Terms and Conditions of Use contained herein (and in any separate agreement that you enter into with us).

Intellectual property laws under both United States and international laws protect the materials and the unauthorized use of these materials may violate these laws. You must retain all proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copy you make of the materials. You may not sell or modify the materials or reproduce, display, publicly perform, distribute, or otherwise use the materials in any way for any public or commercial purpose. The use of the materials on any other Website or in a networked computer environment for any purpose is prohibited. Nothing on this Website or any of our websites shall be construed as conferring any license under any of our or any third party's intellectual property rights, whether by estoppel, implication, or otherwise. We prohibit the use of our trademark(s), or any related graphic(s), as a "hot link" to any Website unless approved by us.

Links to Third Party Sites
We have provided links to certain third party websites as a courtesy. By providing these links, we are not endorsing, adopting or agreeing with any of the content of the linked sites or the products or services of that third party. We do not review or control the content of third party sites and that content is not part of our Website. We expressly disclaim any responsibility for the content of any third party sites linked to our Website or the products or services of that third party. We do not make any representations regarding the content or accuracy of materials on third party websites or the products or services of third parties. We urge you to use discretion when you access any third party sites linked to our Website.

Forward-Looking Statements
Our Website contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. These "forward looking statements" represent our present expectations or beliefs concerning future events. We caution that such statements are necessarily based on certain assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risk factors include changes in general economic conditions; increased competition; exchange rate fluctuations; variations in the mix of products sold; fluctuation in effective tax rates resulting from shifts in sources of income; and the ability to successfully integrate and operate acquired business. Further information on these risk factors is included in our filings with the SEC.

Disclaimers of Warranty, Liability, and Consequential Damages
We do not warrant that the Website will operate error-free or that the Website and its server are free of computer viruses and other harmful goods. If your use of the Website results in the need for servicing or replacing equipment or data, we are not responsible for those costs.

The information on the Website is provided on an 'as is' basis without any express or implied warranties of any kind and, as such, we shall not be liable for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, incidental and consequential damages, lost profits, or damages resulting from lost data or business interruption) resulting from the use or inability to use the Website, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory, and whether or not we are advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event shall our total liability to you for all damages, losses, and causes of action (whether in contract, tort, including without limitation negligence, or otherwise) exceed the amount paid by you, if any, for accessing this Website.

The Website may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors. We will make a good faith effort to update the Website but we do not have a duty to update the Website. Your use of the Website is at your own risk. Changes can be made to the Website at any time.

Indemnity
You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold us, our affiliates, officers, directors, employees and agents harmless from and against any claims, actions or demands, including without limitation reasonable legal and accounting fees, alleging or resulting from your use of the materials (including software) or your breach of these Terms and Conditions of Use.

Choice of Law and Jurisdiction
These Terms and Conditions of Use shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts without regard to any conflict of law provisions thereof. Any action related to these Terms and Conditions of Use shall be brought only in the state courts of and federal courts in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and all parties waive any objection to the personal jurisdiction of and venue in such courts.

Severability
If any provision or part of these Terms and Conditions of Use is held invalid or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, the other remaining provisions or parts of these Terms and Conditions of Use shall remain in full force and effect.

Entire Agreement
These Terms and Conditions of Use represent the entire agreement between you and the Company to the subject matter herein and shall not be modified except by the Company as provided herein or through a written document signed by both parties.

 

 

COPYRIGHT DEFINITION

 

Introduction.

This page covers the basic definitions regarding copyrights. It has been written using the Berne Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (Berne Convention) as the main bibliographical source, and does not refer to the laws of any country in particular. Therefore, comparing this document to the particular laws of your country may arise in discrepancies. However, copyright laws vary from country to country but as a rule do not contravene or provide less copyright protection than the Berne Convention, provided the country in question is a member thereof.

 

 

What is a Copyright?

Copyright is a protection that covers published and unpublished literary, scientific and artistic works, whatever the form of expression, provided such works are fixed in a tangible or material form. This means that if you can see it, hear it and/or touch it - it may be protected. If it is an essay, if it is a play, if it is a song, if it is a funky original dance move, if it is a photograph, HTML coding or a computer graphic that can be set on paper, recorded on tape or saved to a hard drive, it may be protected. Copyright laws grant the creator the exclusive right to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform and display the work publicly. Exclusive means only the creator of such work, not anybody who has access to it and decides to grab it.

 

When does Copyright Protection begin, and what is required?

Copyright protection begins when any of the above described work is actually created and fixed in a tangible form.

For example, my brother is a musician and he lives in the United States. When he writes new lyrics, he prints them out on paper, signs his name at the bottom with the Copyright © symbol to show that he is the author, places it in an envelope and mails it to himself without opening it. His copyright begins at the moment he puts his idea in a tangible form by printing the lyrics out on paper. He creates proof when he mails it to himself - the postmark establishes the date of creation. He then registers his copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office which is a requirement in order to sue for monetary damages should a violation of his copyright arise. However, if somebody copies and redistributes his lyrics without permission before his copyright is registered, he still has the right to assert a copyright claim as the true author.

The above applies to digital art and graphics. Open a gif, jpg or png file that you created and look at the properties. It states the date that you saved it to your hard drive as the date of creation. If somebody copies a graphic from your web site I assure you that the date of creation on your copy of the file is earlier than the copy taken off your web site. If that still doesn't feel like enough proof for you, save everything to a floppy disk and mail it to yourself via certified mail. Keep the envelope sealed, wrap it in protective plastic and put it in a safe place.

Somebody once asked if it was "illegal" to place the copyright © symbol next to your name if you have not registered your copyright. Unless you have stolen the work from somebody else and you are not the true author of the work, it is not illegal to place the copyright © symbol next to your name - it is your right to do so.

The proper way to place a copyright notice is as follows: Copyright © (first date of creation) (name of owner). Like this: Copyright © 2003 John Smith.

 

When does Copyright Protection end, or expire?

If a copyright statement reads, "© Copyright 1998, 1999 John Smith." does that mean that John Smith's copyright expired in 1999? The dates that you see in a copyright statement do not refer to the dates that the owner's material will expire and become public domain - they actually refer to the dates that the material was created.

When you see several dates in a copyright statement, it simply means that certain things were created in one year and modified later. It could also mean that new things were created and added in a later year. It most definitely does not refer to the date that a copyright will expire. Expiration of a copyright actually takes place much later, and this period of validity begins from the date that you see in the copyright statement. The Berne Convention establishes a general and minimum period that lasts the life of the author and fifty years after his (or her) death. Cinematographic works and photographic works have a minimum period of protection of 50 and 25 years upon the date of creation, respectively. This applies to any country that has signed the Berne Convention, and these are just the minimum periods of protection. A member country is entitled to establish greater periods of protection, but never less than what has been established by the Berne Convention.

So, what does all this mean? This means that if a copyright statement reads, "© Copyright 1998, 1999 John Smith" and John Smith is from a country that has signed the Berne Convention, he created his works in 1998 and 1999, and his copyright is not going to expire until at least fifty years after he dies (this period may be greater - remember that member countries may establish longer periods of protection). Until that time his works are not in public domain.

I have actually seen copyright statements with future dates, such as "© Copyright 2003, 2004 John Smith", most likely because the copyright holder thought that they could establish an expiration date for the copyright. This is incorrect unless John Smith traveled to the future and created the work in question. These types of copyright statements also mislead others to believe that dates in a copyright statement refer to the date a copyright expire, when the date should really refer to the date of creation.

 

The Famous © Symbol.

Why does it say Copyright © 2006? Those are the dates that I created and/or modified the layout, text, graphics and other material displayed on this web site and saved it to my hard drive. That entitles me to claim copyright. Only I, as the author and creator of this work, am entitled to use, reproduce and distribute this material unless someone else who wishes to use it obtains my prior written permission to use it as well, and only in the manner that I previously approve. What does this mean? That nobody may access my web site and copy my layout, text or graphics until I provide a written document that states, "Yes, you can use my work, but only in the manner that I deem appropriate." This especially goes for those who want to use my material for lucrative purposes.

Would you let someone sell letters you've written for publication in a magazine without your permission, and particularly without getting some of the profit? Anybody who uses, copies or distributes my material in any manner, for commercial or personal purposes, without my written permission, would be committing an infringement of my copyright. If I, at any moment, detect a violation of my copyright by another individual or entity, I am entitled to assert a claim. It doesn't matter if you are a "newbie" or if you "don't know any better". As a principle of law states: "Ignorance of the Law does not make one exempt from compliance thereof."

 

Copyrights and the Internet.

Public domain - not! When visiting a web site, it is so easy to click and save with a mouse button when one sees a graphic image that one likes, or to view the source code and copy part of or all of the HTML coding because one "likes the way this or that was done" or one "wants a similar layout", or to copy original writings because "that person expresses this or that so well". The general (and incorrect) notion is that anything that is on the internet is public domain and may be taken without permission from the creator/owner. Some people actually think (incorrectly) that just because bits of web pages may be stored in one's cache, or because certain browsers allow one to do "file save as" moves or anything similar one may use such material as one wishes. This is false.

Just because your driveway is not inside of your house, is it in the public domain? Does that give anybody off the street the right to stay on your driveway without your permission, even if they can see it from the street, or easily access it? The same basic principle applies to material published on the internet. Material found on the web may be copied freely only if the information is created by the (i) federal government, (ii) if the copyright has expired or (iii) the copyright has been abandoned by the holder. Therefore, "internet" and "public domain" are not synonymous. Any work published on the internet is not automatically placed it in the public domain, unless the material in question complies with one or more of the characteristics mentioned.

 

Material provided by others and used with permission. Midis, graphic images (including web graphics, photos, logos and other digital art), writings, text, HTML, javascripts or other material that you are given permission to use or display on your web site does not entitle you to claim copyright to the material in question. Permission to use someone else's material does not make you the rightful owner or holder.

The copyright notice at the bottom of a website only pertains to the content that one has actually created, not to what was created by another and is being used with permission. Owner's terms may vary, but it is always best to include text on the same page where the material on loan is being used to specify who the real owner is, and that it is being used with permission. To an extent, this would protect you as well as the appropriate owner as it would be notifying the public that the material is owned by someone...if you failed to properly protect someone else's work that you are using and it turns out that someone else swiped it due to your misuse or negligence you may be subjecting yourself to a claim.

 

"Free" web graphics and linking images. Graphic images provided by "free" or "linkware" graphics sites are not public domain. These images, although provided to you for "free" (no $), are not being given to you in ownership. You are being allowed to use them if you comply with the owner's terms and conditions, so make sure that you comply with them in full when you use or display the graphics in question. If the owner says "don't alter it", don't alter it. If the owner says, "only use for your personal homepage," only use it for your personal homepage. The same applies to linking images or logos. They are still copyrighted by the owner and are usually only to be used for links to the owner's web site. Again, in these cases the © symbol at the bottom of your web site only pertains to the content that you yourself created, not to the logos provided to you for links or the "free" graphics loaned to you to decorate your web pages.

 

Fonts and Dingbats. Some believe that typography may not be protected by a copyright, and once created becomes public domain. Why can't it be protected by a copyright? Because it is so easily downloadable and distributable? Because others use it as a tool to create new means of expression and art forms? I am of the opinion that original fonts and dingbats are a means of expression that may be fixed to a tangible medium when created, and hence become protected by a copyright owned by the creator. The creative process plays an important role. Scanned designs converted into fonts and/or dingbats, or reduplication/refabrication/alteration of existing ones are not original designs, and do not entitle the individual to claim ownership. Fonts and dingbats created point by point, drawn from scratch or through similar means are copyrighted by the author. If this weren't the case, original font and dingbat creators would not be able to legally sell their creations or establish terms and conditions for use. Opinions regarding this particular issue vary but this is what I personally affirm.

Further answers to questions regarding copyrights of typography may be found at Sue Ralston's Ring-a-Ding FAQ's at Web of Dreams.

 

What about public domain and/or royalty-free stuff? Midis, graphic images (including web graphics, photos, logos and other digital art), writings, text, HTML, javascripts or other material in the public domain does not grant you the right to claim copyright to it just because you find it and use it. Your copyright statement only refers to the content that you created yourself, not to the public domain material you're using. In this case, you cannot complain if you find the same material on someone else's site.

Word of caution: If you are not 100% sure that the material is in the public domain (sometimes "free sites" offer copyrighted material), do not use it. Placing little disclaimers that read, "if you find anything on this page that belongs to someone else contact me" or "if you feel that I may be violating someone's copyright please let me know" just don't cut it and are even irresponsible. You may be violating somebody's copyright.

 

Hey - everyone knows that HTML coding and webpage layouts cannot be copyrighted! Based upon what? I am of the opinion that a webpage layout may be copyrighted if it is actually written and/or designed by the author and has been fixed in a tangible medium by being saved to a hard drive.

If you wanted, you could put your HTML into a text file and print it out, couldn't you? Doesn't that make it tangible - something you can read or look at? However, this only applies if one actually wrote the HTML coding and designed the web page layout by oneself (even if one uses an HTML editor). If one copies and pastes HTML from one web page into another one may not claim copyright. It is not an original work, and may even be construed as copyright infringement.

There is one thing that must be clarified, though. If you see a certain page layout and like the way it looks, you could "legally" reproduce something similar if you write the coding all by yourself without copying any of the source code from the original page. The actual intangible idea may not be copyrighted. What is copyrighted is the tangible result of the idea, which would be the layout written out in HTML coding and saved to a hard drive. That means no copying and pasting of another person's source code.

Here is an example: If I have the "idea" to make a webpage about roses, that idea cannot be copyrighted because an idea itself will always be intangible. What is copyrighted are the tangible works I produce of the idea. These would be the descriptions I write, my photos of roses, and the HTML coding I created to design the page layout - all saved in my computer's hard drive. All of that is my idea fixed in a tangible medium and that is protected by my copyright. However, somebody else could come along, learn of the idea I had to create a web page about roses, and create a web page about roses as well - provided such person wrote his/her OWN words, used his/her OWN photos, and wrote his/her OWN HTML coding to design the page. Further, if such person was "inspired" by my web page layout, and decided to do something similar (similar - not identical), he or she could do that if the HTML were written entirely by this person without any copying or pasting. All of that is legal, whether it is imaginative and creative, well, that is something else. Now, if this person came along, saw my web page on roses, liked the way I did it and then copied and pasted my HTML into his or her own web page without my permission, that is copyright infringement, even if he or she deleted certain things and inserted his or her OWN words and his or her OWN photos. Yes, even if he or she did NOT have a web page about roses, but about something entirely different. That is because my page layout was written out in HTML and set in a fixed form, and the fixed form is what was copied without my permission.

 

What if I take someone else's writings, text, HTML or graphic image and change it around to suit my needs? I own the "new" version, right? If you did any of that with the original owner's permission, and according to his/her terms and conditions than you own the "new" version. If not you may be committing copyright infringement and/or plagiarism.

 

What if I translate your copyright page into another language? I bet I don't need your permission, and I own the "new" work! The Berne Convention states, "Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall enjoy the exclusive right of making and of authorizing the translation of their works throughout the term of protection of their rights in the original works."

That means that you need my permission to translate this page into another language. Also, there is not really a "new" work. You have merely translated an existing work into another language. You own the full copyright to the translation only, and even if you have my permission to translate it, you still need to credit me within the translation as author of the original work. 

 

Hot-linking and Spider Harvesting. Hot-linking, or linking directly to another website's images and/or spider-harvesting (robots programmed to index pages and pull images onto another server) is not only bandwith theft, but may also be construed as copyright infringement in some cases. The images that are hot-linked are reproduced in the website that is performing the direct linking and/or spider-harvesting as an unauthorized derivative work, or may be giving the impression that the owner of the images is the one who is hot-linking. Either constitute a violation of the real owner's copyright.

 

Frames. The use of frames to ease navigation within a site is perfectly acceptable. However, it is not acceptable to "lock" or "trap" other web sites or pages in one's frames. Firstly, it's extremely rude. If your site content is interesting enough you shouldn't worry about visitors returning to your site if they leave momentarily through an outside link. Secondly, I am of the opinion that showing someone else's web page through the use of frames may be construed as copyright infringement in some cases. For example, if I pull someone else's page with original poetry on it into my own site through the use of frames may mislead others to believe that I am the author of the poetry. When one intentionally or unintentionally gives another the impression that one is the creator of someone else's work, that is a violation of the real owner's copyright.

 

Fair Use.

Fair use or fair practice is utilization of a portion of a copyrighted work "as is" for purposes of parody, news reporting, research and education about such copyrighted work without the permission of the author. Use of copyrighted works, or portions thereof, for any other purpose is not deemed fair use, so be careful! That includes copying text or scanning pictures from postcards, magazines, books or any other work. Scanning a photo of the Amazon Forest printed in National Geographic and using it without permission on your personal web site about your family trip to South America will most likely not be considered as fair use. However, if you republished the photo on your site to comment on the photo as it was published in National Geographic, this would most likely be considered fair use. You still have to credit your source by naming the author of the work on the same page. In any event, it is always safer to take the time and effort to contact the owner and request permission to use the owner's work, and more likely than not the owner will be very appreciative and give you a favorable response.

Many think that one may take someone else's work, whether it be writings, graphic images, midis and the like and use it in an "educational" work without obtaining the author's permission or giving credit because it is "fair use". When you wrote a term paper in school, didn't you credit your sources? Even if you paraphrased the author's original words, or if you feel that you don't need the author's permission because it falls in this vague concept of fair use you must credit your source's hard work by naming your source as a reference. This is a requirement under copyright legislation. If not, you'd be committing plagiarism.

 

International Copyrights.

There are no "international copyrights" that enable you protect your work throughout the world. However, most countries are members of the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC), which allow you to protect your works in countries of which you are not a citizen or national. Under these treaties, the following works may be protected: (i) both unpublished and published works of an author who is a national or resident of a country that is a member of these treaties; or (ii) published works, with permission, of an author who is not a national or resident of a country that is a member of these treaties. In this case a work may be considered simultaneously published in several countries if it has been published in two or more Berne Union countries within 30 days of its first publication.

To benefit from the above protection, there are no formal requirements established in the Berne Convention other than having the author's name on the work. Under the UCC, a copyright notice is required. This notice should consist of the copyright symbol "©" accompanied by the year of first publication and the name of the copyright owner, for example: Copyright © 2002 John Smith. This notice is to be placed in such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim to copyright.

So, what does this mean? Well, if John Smith is a resident of Canada (member of the treaties), and if somebody in the United States (also a member country) accesses John Smith's website, which complies with (i) and (ii) above and displays the proper notice of Copyright © 2002 John Smith (as required by the UCC) - I am of the opinion that my work is considered to be "published", and therefore protected, in the United States as well as in Canada.

 

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since October 2005